Germany mental hospitals. Jan 26, 2024 · Background Global treatment budgets, i.

Germany mental hospitals. On this website you get all information on mental disorders and respective treatment options in our Department. 0 in general hospitals). Protestant charitable) psychiatric hospital in Bethel, formerly a town, today a neighbourhood of Bielefeld, Germany, and the biggest social business in Europe. The hospital housed up to 1,400 patients from all over East Prussia. At the treatment centre for affective This pilot study aimed to implement a mental health promotion program to support nurses working in Psychiatric hospital departments. These persons have different legal statuses, may be placed in several different settings, and receive various levels of care. Even before Hitler’s reign, the concept of racial hygiene proliferated in Germany as early as the turn of the century. The intervention took place … Jun 13, 2024 · Laws allowing involuntary admission to psychiatric hospitals in case of risk of self-harm or harm to others are common legal instruments and exist in all European countries and many other countries [1, 2, 3]. . Common legal options for involuntary hospitalisation are the Mental Health Act (MHA) and legal guardianship legislation (LGL). Modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from and eventually replaced the older lunatic asylum. 6 million predominantly Polish Jews between October 1941 and November 1943. The goal of the Nazi Euthanasia Program was to murder people with mental and physical disabilities. Psychiatry clinics in Germany at the best price. The insurance payments for statutory health insurance are shared between the employer and employee Dec 27, 2024 · Germany is renowned for its advanced healthcare system, characterized by high-quality medical services, state-of-the-art technology, and highly trained healthcare professionals. Due to differing historical developments (Salize et al. Review our curated list of centers offering care options such as virtual, outpatient, and residential treatment. [1][2] Beginning in 1939, the Nazis used Hadamar and 5. Those with personality disorders present additional challenges. With a blend of traditional and innovative therapies, Germany offers a holistic approach to mental health, focusing on both physical and psychological well-being. In this tense situation you find yourself, it will be di Our independent research team evaluated the 28 best treatment centers for depression in Germany. On 16 March 1945, the 2nd Ukrainian and 3rd Ukrainian fronts launched the Vienna offensive in an effort to take the city from Nazi forces. 38 The various articles of the book illustrate that in the second half of the 1950s the concept of social psychiatry represented a crucial option for a considerable number Apr 27, 2022 · Psychiatric inpatient treatment, an important pillar of mental health care, is often of longer duration in Germany than in other countries. What is the fate of mentally disordered offenders in Germany? Bernburg psychiatric hospital, Germany In January, 1940 a shower room fitted with a carbon monoxide vent was first tested to kill patients at the psychiatric hospital in Brandenberg, outside Berlin. Most welcome on the website of the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf. [15] Many patients participate in different clinical trials each year. Language barriers in psychiatric and psychotherapeutic care arriers in the psychiatric and psychotherapeutic care. While conditions in the United States were troubling, Germany’s way of dealing with the mentally ill became infamous. Jun 1, 1998 · In the past two decades, political reforms have led to significant changes in psychiatric inpatient care in Germany. Policy/plan compliance with human rights instruments self-rated 5 points checklist items: 1) Policy/plan promotes transition towards mental health services based in the community (including mental health care integrated into general hospitals and primary care); 2) Policy/plan pays explicit attention to respect of the rights of people with mental health conditions and psychosocial disabilities Preface Since I took up my first job as a resident at the Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Tübingen on 1 June, 1951, psychiatry, in Germany in particular, has undergone a barely imaginable change. Psychiatric Clinics in Frankfurt There are 4 psychiatric hospitals in Frankfurt that are responsible for acute emergency care. This list may not reflect recent changes. During World War II, many of Kortau's In Germany, the Central Institute of Mental Health in Mannheim is historically the oldest institution of this kind. We believe that the term "Mental Health" better reflects today’s diversity of disciplines and institutions with their differential approaches to mental illness and mental health. For international patients seeking psychiatric care, the country offers a wide array of specialized clinics staffed by experienced mental health professionals. predefined budgets for patients treated in hospital independent of the setting within the hospital, together with flexible and integrated treatment (FIT) have been introduced in some German psychiatric hospitals since 2013. Although no psychiatric hospitals have been closed and the overall number of psychiatric hospital beds has not dramatically decreased, huge mental hospitals have been downsized, and psychiatric departments have been established in general hospitals. On the evening of Monday, April 25, 1932, the members of the fourth Study-tour of Mental Hospitals met at Cleves, seven miles east of the Dutch-German frontier. Kraus of Santpoort and Herr Rou, an able and zealous guide, whom the Hamburg-Amerika Linie had sent In the wake of the German occupation of Poland in the autumn of 1939, a murder wave of mentally ill people systematically retrieved from the Polish mental hospitals followed. Hospital Nuremberg is one of the leading German multispecialty clinics, which is in the TOP of the best medical institutions in Germany according to the version of Focus. There are two types of health insurance- private and statutory, with 88% of the population covered under the statutory health insurance. We were joined there by Dr. In many countries, the integration of psychiatric departments in general hospitals has paved the way for psychiatry as a discipline to be taken increasing notice of by medical-surgical physicians and patients alike. Jan 21, 2016 · We also carry out wide-ranging research into epidemiological, evaluation and socio-psychiatric issues. 18 Abandoned Psychiatric Hospitals, and Why They Were Left Behind Mar 18, 2014 · Completed in 2011 in Friedrichshafen, Germany. For some years, there has been a marked increase in the num The author expressed his satisfaction that after 1945 some fifty-four psychiatric hospitals in West Germany had made provision for ambulant psychiatric pre- and after-care. At Hadamar alone, 15,000 people were killed. Methods In 1990 and 2011, population surveys were conducted in the “old” states of Germany In Germany, the most frequently used legal section to order forensic mental health treatment is § 63 of the Penal Code (Strafgesetzbuch; StGB). One is a dismantled jail. These barriers will make it more dificult for you to get to a feeling of to etherness with the treating doctors and psychologists. The Charité Mental Health platform is characterized by tight cooperation of all psychological and psychiatric hospitals and institutes at the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin: University Hospital and Outpatient Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy - Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF) Within the Germany mental healthcare system, separate sys-tems exist for child and adolescent psychiatry, as well as forensic psychiatry. The question arises as to what extent these improvements had an impact on the public image of these institutions. The hospital is a legally independent member of the group ZfP-Gruppe Baden-Württemberg. Sickness funds cover services like psychotherapy and medication. Aug 22, 2020 · In this article, we describe critical epidemiological trends in forensic psychiatric care in the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg. Start your path to wellness. Dec 5, 2006 · Germany turned towards community-based mental health care in the mid seventies, during a general climate of social and political reform. The psychiatric detention of dissidents became much more common from 1950 and the practice gradually expanded to involve hundreds of mental hospitals throughout the Soviet bloc. Find doctors, specialized in Psychiatry and compare prices, costs and reviews. Sep 1, 2023 · In Germany, mental health support is readily available through a range of resources and services. This page provides an overview of the hospital landscape and tips on how to choose an appropriate medical facility. 37 The fate of psychiatric patients in the western European countries occupied by Germany during World War II hitherto has been little researched. Research In Germany, each of the 36 university hospitals of psychiatry supports research activities. Initial effects of Mental Health First Aid training on mental health literacy, social distance, stigma, mental health and quality of life in the German adult population - Findings from a pilot study. The complex Apr 4, 2025 · In 2022, Germany spent approximately 13% of its GDP on healthcare, the highest in Europe and one of the highest globally (World Health Organization, 2022b). The hospitals ranking is based on received requests, 75 patient reviews, prices, and information from 13 clinics Discover list of 10+ Recommended Psychiatry clinics in Germany. In this article, the authors describe relevant German legislation and the consequent forensic treatment of personality-disordered offenders in the German psychiatric and correctional systems, with a focus on the German state of Hessen. With numerous hospitals, departments, and outpatient centers, Germany has a considerable capability for mental healthcare delivery. Prior to the attack, O. Founded in 1886, it was located about 2 km south of the town center of Allenstein (Olsztyn), at the Kortsee (Lake Kortowskie). Jan 26, 2024 · Conclusions: Global treatment budgets lead to the intended changes in mental health care in the majority of FIT-hospitals compared to routine care in this large real-world evidence study from Germany. In the beginning, patients were killed by lethal injection. 5 in mental hospitals and 3. These are modern medical centers located in picturesque places in Germany, with clean mountain air. The department comprises two sites: Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Campus Charité Mitte Psychiatric University Hospital Jan 14, 2025 · Germany offers mental health care through office-based psychiatrists, psychotherapists, and specialized hospital departments. Today Klinikum am Weissenhof is a state-of-the-art psychiatric hospital. The lunatic asylum, insane asylum or mental asylum was an institution where people with mental illness were confined. The new psychiatric centre lies embedded into the campus of Friedrichshafen Hospital and follows the picturesque A description of how psychiatric care is organized in German prisons follows. Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences The Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences at Campus Charité Mitte offers a number of different therapeutic approaches to psychiatric disorders. Images by Werner Huthmacher . But vis-a-vis The public mental healthcare offers in Germany are way overstrained (not enough licenses to practice psychotherapy in the public system are being offered) and navigating that system is hard enough when you are feeling generally well - it's even harder when you are actively in a bad place. The advocacy of eugenics in Germany gained ground after 1930, when the Depression was used to excuse cuts in funding to state mental hospitals, creating squalor and overcrowding. MENTAL ILLNESS AND ASYLUMS. He had been prescribed medication for his mental illness, but reportedly did not consistently take it. Newsweek has partnered with Statista for its annual ranking of the world's best hospitals, a series that began in March 2019. Extensive phenotyping of the patients with analysis of blood and fluid samples, clinical psychopathology and Introduction Internationally, there is a broad spectrum of team-based outreach and integrative psychiatric care models dedicated to acute treatment (1 – 3). In 2002 the name was changed again, it is now called Klinikum am Weissenhof (Clinic at the Weissenhof), science the hospital no longer cared for psychiatric patients only. 11. was The psychiatrie klinik in Germany is an abandoned psychiatric hospital for children and young people suffering from mental disorders. Aug 27, 2025 · Learn how to access mental health services in Germany, including psychiatry, addiction counseling, eating disorder support, and crisis lines. Eur Psychiatry. The German capital offers national and international patients the entire spectrum of modern medicine to treat any kind of medical condition. Eberl earned the position of Treblinka commandant following his success as head of 2 psychiatric hospitals, at Brandenburg and Bernburg, where he coordinated the murder of tens of thousands of mentally ill patients within the context of the euthanasia program. The continuing deinstitutionalisation process and the implementation of community mental health services was considerably affected by the reunification of East and West Germany in 1990, which required dramatic changes in the structure and quality of the Apr 9, 2015 · Some are brick castles transformed into state mental hospitals. The program claimed an estimated 250,000 lives. Yet, intensive psychiatric care in Germany is almost exclusively provided in inpatient hospital settings (4). The Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy (PPP) of University Hospital Würzburg, as a provider of maximum care, covers the entire spectrum of mental disorders and therapeutic options. What I want you guys to do is to comment everything you know abt german psych wards Dec 22, 2022 · Background During the first phase of the Coronavirus-19 disorder (COVID-19) pandemic in the spring of 2020, utilization of inpatient mental healthcare was significantly reduced. Involuntary commitment or civil commitment is a legal process through which an individual who is deemed by a qualified agent to have symptoms of severe mental disorder is detained in a psychiatric hospital (inpatient) where they can be treated involuntarily. It focuses on the actual legal situation including European standards of prison health care and prevention of torture, psychiatric care in German prisons themselves, self harm and addiction. Despite evaluation and follow-up studies being conducted within individual hospitals or federal states we Jan 26, 2024 · Background Global treatment budgets, i. Criteria for civil commitment are established by laws, which vary between nations. The general standard of The Am Steinhof psychiatric hospital was established in the early 1900s, but from July 1940 to April 1945 it housed the Spiegelgrund Clinic. 🧠 Learn about service integration, professionals' roles, and reforms! Feb 18, 2025 · Germany: Health System Physical Resources and Utilization. e. It was an early precursor of the modern psychiatric hospital. The process took a more radical form in Italy, where law 180 in 1978 banned new admissions in psychiatric hospitals, and led to their gradual closing. It was housed within a psychiatric hospital located in the German town of Hadamar, near Limburg in Hessen. Explore the landscape of mental health care in Germany, examining its evolution, challenges, and progress. In this commentary, I will discuss aspects of the relationship of psychiatric services and the general hospital in Germany, and comment on peculiarities of the German health care So I've been thinking a lot abt how psych wards are like in Germany, as a teen who lives here, I need as much info as I can gather so I know what the treatment is like and other personal stuff. Mar 7, 2013 · Purpose In the context of mental health care reform in Germany, psychiatric hospitals have been transformed in terms of their infrastructure, staffing levels and therapeutic culture. In 2020, mental disorders accounted for direct healthcare costs of around €56. [18] Beyond directly related health expenditure, mental health is also a main driver for indirect health expenditure such as (long Jun 9, 2022 · Top 10 Largest Hospitals in Germany by Bed Size The healthcare system in Germany provides free healthcare coverage to everyone through health insurance funds. In 1940-41, more than 70,000 patients were poisoned with carbon monoxide at these extermination There are many different hospitals in Germany. , 2007), the structural orga-nization and financing of the German mental health-care system are complex. 4 days ago · A History of Mental Health Challenges and Systemic Questions This case raises serious questions about the mental health care system in Germany. [48] Many German eugenicists were nationalists and antisemites, who embraced the Nazi regime with enthusiasm. Compare comprehensive treatments, costs, and reviews. Since there's a lot of videos and articles on the internet explaining what it's like in the USA, but not Germany. Plenty of items are left in the hospital including a large array of medical records and x-rays. Aug 2, 2023 · These mental hospitals and insane asylums were supposed to help patients with severe psychiatric disorders, but they often treated them like prisoners. Aug 5, 2023 · Before modern psychiatric hospitals, insane asylums detained countless mentally ill patients, criminals, and other "undesirables" in brutal conditions. Bodelschwinghsche Anstalten Bethel) is a diaconal (i. After outlining the differences in the speed and scale of deinstitutionalisation of mental health care in Germany, England, France and Italy, we examine the current delivery and structure of mental health services in the same four countries. Working in accordance with German quality and Germany is renowned for its precision and excellence in medical treatments, which extends to its mental health care services. In this piece, we will explore different Feb 29, 2024 · Top Psychiatry clinics in Germany. Physicians, psychologists, and natural scientists conduct research on psychiatric and on the development of diagnosis and treatment. In addition, my duties outgrew those of a mere physician, researcher and an academic teacher was one of the main themes in 's masterpieces, such as The Madhouse (above). [1] This ideology held unreservedly to the notion of the Sep 5, 2022 · This study explores staff attitudes towards smoke-free environments in psychiatric hospitals in Germany and tries to identify barriers and opportunities for implementation. Every year, around 3,000 people with psychiatric illnesses or in mental crises receive support and treatment on seven specialized wards, in three day-care centers and in eight specilized As a result, psychiatric hospitals served as storage spaces rather than true treatment centers. Others are detained in forensic psychiatric hospitals. [2] Deaconesses Sarepta Mother Berlin has a worldwide reputation for top-class medicine – boasting Europe's largest university hospital, the Charité, as well as an extensive network of first-rate research facilities and institutions. Explore the ghosts of mental-health history. Gas chamber in Hadamar hospital Crematorium chimney at Hadamar hospital The Hadamar killing centre (German: NS-Tötungsanstalt Hadamar) was a killing facility involved in the Nazi involuntary euthanasia programme known as Aktion T4. When English major Maria Willhoit first stepped through the gates of a killing center—the Bernburg psychiatric institution in Saxony—there was no denying the echoes of the past. Find articles on fitness, diet, nutrition, health news headlines, medicine, diseases Categories: Lists of hospitals by country Hospitals in Germany Lists of buildings and structures in Germany Lists of hospitals in Europe Germany health-related lists Offenders with mental illness challenge forensic systems throughout the world. Perhaps the most effective strategy Germany has employed is its campaign to remove the stigma of mental illness in German society. reported a decrease in the absolute number but an increase in the percentage of emergency hospital admissions in a private hospital group, and the percentage of involuntary admissions increased. Publikationen Schick A, Henn C, Send TS, Maltese S, Deuschle M, Reininghaus U. Eighty-six nurses working in psychiatric hospitals were randomized to either an intervention group (IG) or a waitlist control group (WCG). The doomed were bused to killing centers in Germany and Austria walled-in fortresses, mostly former psychiatric hospitals, castles, and a former prison — at Hartheim, Sonnenstein, Grafeneck, Bernburg, Hadamar, and Brandenburg. From 1941 to 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. In early December 1939, a special unit called Commando Lange arrived at the mental hospital in Gniezno. Of this, 11–13% was allocated to mental health services (OECD, 2021). His memoir The Voices of Those Remaining, which is based on his diary entries, tells the full story. Some branches offer views of the Alps. The country’s hospitals offer a wide range of specialties and are often at the forefront of medical research and innovation. Germany is renowned for its advanced healthcare system and high standards in medical practice. [9] After a month of fighting, the Red Army captured Vienna. Abstract Based on the wider thesis of the "grand renfermement", psychiatric asylums as well as hospitals (and prisons) should have developed to "total institutions" from late 18th century onwards by gaining public space and further resources devoted to the healing of the (mental) ill who had to be isolated from the healthy citizen following criteria of the modernising medicine. [Epub ahead of print] :1-25. In this article, we will explore the top 10 hospitals in Germany, highlighting their In the FRG, an investigative commission established by the Bundestag in 1975 recommended restructuring most psychiatric hospitals. The number of psychiatrists per 100 000 population is 2. A key point of contention is why O. Photo by SS photographer Franz Bauer Social Darwinism came to play a major role in the ideology of Nazism, where it was combined with a similarly pseudo-scientific theory of racial hierarchy in order to identify the Germans as a part of what the Nazis regarded as an Aryan or Nordic master race. Others are psychiatric institutions guarded by razor wire. The following 10 pages are in this category, out of 10 total. The nation offers a strong system comprising psychiatry, addiction counseling, aid for eating disorders, and emergency helplines. A professional life of more than 60 years spent under such conditions is not easy to condense. 60 Hospitals for Psychiatry (Mental Health) in Germany | Specialties, Ratings, Price Range, Reviews, Filters | Check the Best & Book Feb 28, 2021 · With roughly 270 mental health hospitals and sufficient healthcare workers to assist patients, Germany makes sure that the mentally ill are taken care of. This article describes who is involved, how health care is structured, and how it has changed over time. About the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at University Hospital Freiburg According to the Focus magazine of 2018, the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the University Hospital Freiburg ranks among the top German departments specializing in the treatment of mental disorders! The department offers the full range of treatment services for patients with mental disorders Jul 12, 2018 · Christian Discher, PhD is a survivor of forced psychiatric treatment and torture at the infamous hospital in Ueckermünde, a town in East Germany. Gas chambers on the Brandenberg model were quickly set up at Bernberg and other sites around Germany to accept patients marked for death. The Provincial Mental Sanatorium Kortau (German: Provinzial-Heil- und Pflege-Anstalt Kortau) was a psychiatric hospital in Kortau, East Prussia (Kortowo, Poland). Download the latest data on Psychiatric hospitals in Germany. This year, the list includes data on 2,400 hospitals across 30 countries. The Nürnberg Hospital was opened in 1897 and initially served 6,800 patients pe Jun 19, 2022 · In Germany, there are various choices for individuals looking for mental health assistance. There are 7. Apr 14, 2022 · Many individuals who have committed offences and suffer from mental health illness are held under the ordinary prison regime. The development Sep 24, 2025 · At the beginning of WWII, people with mental or physical disabilities were targeted for murder in what the Nazis called the T-4, or "euthanasia," program. However, the prerequisites for the application of the laws In January, 1940 a shower room fitted with a carbon monoxide vent was first tested to kill patients at the psychiatric hospital in Brandenberg, outside Berlin. 5 psychiatric beds per 10 000 population (4. Fasshauer et al. We now report on a long-term observational study of inpatient mental healthcare in a large psychiatric hospital association in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, covering the second and third pandemic waves of autumn and Hadamar was a psychiatric clinic and one of six killing facilities in the so-called Euthanasia Program. We investigated pooled changes in inpatient, day-care, outpatient treatment, and continuity of care for patients with mental Abstract Purpose: In the context of mental health care reform in Germany, psychiatric hospitals have been transformed in terms of their infrastructure, staffing levels and therapeutic culture. The institute is one of the leading research centers on psychiatry. The treatment of inmates in early lunatic The Provincial Mental Sanatorium Kortau (German: Provinzial-Heil- und Pflege-Anstalt Kortau) was a psychiatric hospital in Kortau, East Prussia (Kortowo, Poland). The treatment is tailored to our individual patients’ needs. Schönbrunn Psychiatric Hospital, 1934. 2025 Oct 27. Two of our party used a private car and the others a motor coach, into which we had detrained at Nymwegen. 9 (World Health Organization, 2005). This disposition is primarily aimed at individuals with major mental illnesses who are not fully responsible for a criminal act they committed. During World War II, many of Kortau's Hey, I want to know what to expect in a psychiatric hospital in Germany? I am not suicidal, but I am going through a crisis phase and getting slight panic attacks. 4 billion (Destatis, 2020). Mental health care Mental health care is growing in importance and in 2015 (latest available year) 13% of total health expenditure was spent on mental health care, which is the third highest spend per disease entity in Germany (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2017). had a history of encounters with police involving bodily harm and property damage. The Berlin Charite hospital (hospital of charity or love of neighbor — French Charité) is the most famous University clinic of Germany in Europe, founded in 1710 and is one of the oldest traditional medical institutions in Germany. Shoen is a network of 26 multidisciplinary clinics, one of the top ten in Germany. discover Mental Health Hospitals In Germany. THE RISE OF THE ASYLUMNEW CATEGORIES, NEW TREATMENTSTHERAPEUTIC ECLECTICISMPSYCHIATRIC POLITICSTHE END OF THE ASYLUMBIBLIOGRAPHY Source for information on Mental Illness and Asylums: Encyclopedia of Modern Europe: Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction dictionary. The department works in close cooperation with the German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence that is attached to our unit, as well as with Altona Children’s Hospital and the MediClin Seepark clinic. The COVID-19 pandemic called for infection prevention and control measures and thereby led to shifts in demand A psychiatric hospital, also known as a mental health hospital, a behavioral health hospital, or an asylum is a specialized medical facility that focuses on the treatment of severe mental disorders. Centre for Mental Health Clinic for Special Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy The Clinic for Special Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy offers a social psychiatry centre to chronic mentally ill people in the city of Stuttgart beyond special treatment emphasis for affective disorders in the new building in Bad Cannstatt Hospital. So, this time I am watching out. Aug 31, 2022 · There is evidence from psychiatric hospitals in Germany that this unhappy consequence of the pandemic in fact happened. World Health Systems Facts provides factual data on health systems and policies. i am managing with medications, I have had earlier episode where I went from managing to fucked up in a night. Dec 2, 2021 · Germany leads Europe in its commitment to treating mental illness by providing financial support for patients, access to healthcare services, help finding or staying in work, outreach programs and awareness campaigns. I would prefer to go to the clinic and kind of get sorted with the mental health stuff The Bethel Foundation, officially the Bodelschwingh Foundation Bethel (German: von Bodelschwinghsche Stiftungen Bethel as of 2009, previously v. Dec 18, 2024 · The German healthcare system is self-governed and operated by a large number of institutions and organizations. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Psychiatric hospitals in Germany. Department of General Psychiatry Mental health care and research according to a holistic concept In mental health care and research we are committed to a holistic concept of illness, which means the continuous consideration of the close interactions between biological and psychosocial conditions in the etiology course and therapy of mental illness. Professional counseling services, helplines, online support platforms, support groups, rehabilitation facilities, and specialized resources for international students offer a comprehensive mental health support system. There are 1,033 Psychiatric hospitals in Germany as of July, 2025. Nov 17, 2016 · He was promoted to the rank of inspector for “Aktion Reinhard” that was responsible for the death of 1. be4d7b 95rvg 9zk aeamz y00 b6sdwc4i ncpm7 jma2j cjw ijq0sxm

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