Churches in korea. Today, it's largest megachurch in the world.

Churches in korea. com in South Korea They belong to 9 denominations. We are a Gospel-centered, Spirit-filled Christian community that seeks to integrate spiritual formation into the process of our discipleship to Jesus. Christianity, in particular, is massive in South Korea. More than one fourth of South Korea's 51 million people are Christians. Hamel wrote an account of his The Church of the Life-Giving Trinity (Korean: 평양정백사원) is a Russian Orthodox church in Jongbaek-dong, Rangrang District in Pyongyang, North Korea. Cathedrals of the Anglican Church of Korea: Our Savior's Cathedral in Busan Sts. The Catholic Church in North Korea retains a community of several hundred adherents who practice under the supervision of the state-established Korean Catholic Association (KCA) rather than the Catholic hierarchy. The Korean Assemblies of God joined the national council of churches in 1997. The New Testament was translated into Korean at that time. Join us for worship every Sunday at 2 PM as we grow together in faith and community. Evangelicals are the fastest growing religious group in South Korea. The number continued to grow after the Korean War. Sep 9, 2024 · In this text, you'll discover the best and most famous churches in South Korea, each with its unique story and architectural marvels. Our church is for the foreigner, nomad, and sojourner. [7 Feb 9, 2016 · Seoul, South Korea is the “Megachurch Capital of the World. The Door Church (TDC) is a Bible-based, Spirit-filled church in Seoul, passionate about sharing the life-changing good news of Jesus Christ with the city and the nations. A HISTORY OF KOREAN CHRISTIANITY With a third of South Koreans now identifying themselves as Christian, Christian churches play an increasingly prominent role in the social and political events of the Korean peninsula. Benedict's Anglican Cathedral in Daejeon [1] National Council of Churches in Korea Asia Founded in 1924, as the National Christian Council in Korea, which became the National Council of Churches in Korea in 1946. Nov 6, 2023 · During our trip to Korea and Japan, we were interested in finding the answer to the question, “Are the churches in Korea and Japan reaching younger generations?” The answer I learned from speaking with pastors and Christians over Zoom before my trip and in person during my visit is, “No. Mar 13, 2020 · END THE WAR IN KOREA Join the National Council of Churches in Korea (NCCK) on their campaign for a peace agreement to replace the armistice and end the state of war on the Korean peninsula. Caine, a missionary who served in Japan, spent several weeks visiting Korea and China. ” Oct 15, 2025 · Korea - Catholicism, Missionaries, Martyrs: Significant numbers of Europeans began to arrive in East Asia in the mid-16th century. Christian churches and fellowships in Korea. Persecution and underground churches in North Korea are a harsh reality for the Christian community living in this isolated country. During the dark days in the 1970s, Archdiocese did its best to support the Oct 8, 2024 · This diverse collection of churches in Seoul caters to various backgrounds and offers opportunities for fellowship, worship, and community service. Seoul Union Church is the oldest Protestant church in Korea with a rich history dating back to 1885. Mary and Nicholas's Cathedral (Seoul Anglican Cathedral) in Seoul St. Some of them have been quite active sending anti-North Korea, pro-Christian balloons into North Korea Presbyterian Church of Korea Asia The history of the Protestant church in Korea began in 1884, when the first Korean Christian, who was baptized in China by a Scottish missionary, founded a church in North-Eastern Korea. Nov 21, 2023 · The rich Catholic history of South Korea is unknown and unexplored to many Catholics across the globe. This is the primary method we use to maintain the accuracy and integrity of our directory. The National Council of Churches in Korea (Korean: 한국 기독교 교회 협의회; NCCK) is a non-Catholic Christian ecumenical organization founded in Korea in 1924 as the National Christian Council in Korea. Join us as we worship God, proclaim the Gospel of Jesus Christ, and grow together in His grace and glory. We believe in the Bible and have contemporary worship as well as clear, applicable sermons. Join by writing a letter or making a phone call to your Feb 17, 2025 · Persecution of and underground churches in North Korea. Jun 2, 2025 · Discover the top 10 churches in South Korea, including historic sites, peaceful places of worship, and Catholic churches with mass timings. Most popular of them are Church of the Nazarene (320 churches) , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (92 churches) and Church of Christ (10 churches). The South Korean population is overwhelmingly Christian. The Catholic Church in Korea originated from contact with the Western world. Basis: The NCCK is an ecumenical council of churches which confess Jesus Christ as their Saviour, respond to God's call, and work for God's glory. Jun 20, 2024 · Experience the spiritual and cultural history of South Korea on this eight-day pilgrimage that takes in the most significant Catholic holy sites together with visits to palaces, museums, and temples. Ark Church is an English-speaking church plant in Seoul. Christianity is one of the major religions in South Korea, and churches are an important part of many people’s lives. During this era, South Korea was mostly practicing Buddhism. Also it claims some 3,000 Catholics, but the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea officially sees no local Catholic there, prohibiting South Korean priests from saying any Mass for the self-professed North Korean Catholics. In fact, the DPRK’s founder, Kim Il-sung, was born and raised in strong Christian surroundings. [1] It is the first and only Orthodox church in the country, serving the small Eastern Orthodox community in North Korea, and one of only a handful of Christian churches there overall. Dr Jerry Pillay, attending an international conference commemorating the centennial of the National Council of Churches in Korea and 40 years since the Tozanso Process, offered a keynote address on the theme of the gathering, “God of Life, Renew All Creation in Your Love. Solmoe Village Most notable as the birthplace of St. We are proud to be the first son church of the Korean community. Alexei Kim Ui-han, just as the last Russian priest departed the country. Yet Protestantism today remains a vibrant force in South Korea, home to the largest churches in the world and the base for thousands of Korean missionaries. It's called the Kingdom Mission Center. He served in Korea until 1905, by which time he had been joined by many others. The NCCK is an ecumenical council of churches which gathers for carrying out a common goal through m In an atmosphere of spiritual joy, the Synaxis of the 24 Patron Saints of the Orthodox Church of Korea was celebrated this year on Friday, Crossway Mission Church is an English-speaking, non-denominational, evangelical community with people from many nations. […] 10 AM 2 PM JUBILEESEOUL APP Download our church app to get our latest announcements and to stay updated on church events. Trade and the exchange of ideas, primarily beginning in the 18th century, [1] between the Korean peninsula and Europe resulted in the proliferation of The Cathedral Church of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception informally known as Myeongdong Cathedral, is the national cathedral of the Archdiocese of Seoul. New Heaven and New Earth; IPA: [ɕintɕʰʌndʑi]), is a new religious movement established in South Korea by Lee Man-hee. [1] The CCK is one of the alliances of churches in South Korea, [2] comprising 69 denominations and 20 Christian organizations, which together represent over 12 million people. GOSPEL CITY is a gospel-centered, English-speaking church in Seoul, Korea. The beautiful red brick church is located just down the road from Deoksugung Palace and Seoul Plaza. Feb 20, 2025 · The History of Christian Churches in South Korea The history of Christian churches in South Korea is a testament to the power of faith and perseverance. Prof. A. But the first Church contact with Korea was in January 1910, when Alma Owen Taylor, recently released president of the Japan Mission, and Elder Frederick A. Directory of international ministries. The shrine is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary as the Immaculate Feb 24, 2017 · From Romanesque cathedrals and Buddhist temples to shamanist shrines and majestic mosques, these are South Korea’s most beautiful places of worship. In fact, the church has built a facility that can house 60 missionary families when they are off their field for a session. PLEASE, BEFORE REQUESTING changes and updates to your listing: If you have not done so in the last 12 months, please fill out our QUESTIONNAIRE. She describes North American churches as more traditional, and thinks this identity contributes to the dropping population of young people back home. Officially, North Korea is an atheist state, although its constitution guarantees free exercise of religion, provided that religious practice does not introduce foreign forces, harm the state, or harm the existing social order. Join us in person in Gangnam, the business district of Seoul, or online on Facebook and Youtube. Archdiocese of SeoulThe Archdiocese of Seoul grew and prospered thanks to our ancestors of faith who never stopped to spread the Gospel even in harsh persecutions. A home along the Way. 754 likes. Thirteen years later Hendrik Hamel and seven others escaped and returned home. We believe that Jesus Christ is the central theme of Scripture and that all our lives should be a response to who He is and what he has done for us. This topic is relatable to many, and is something worth learning about! Before the Korean War, which began on 25 June 1950, there were approximately 3,000 churches in North Korea. ArchbishopTheofan (Kim) of Kyzyl and Tyva was appointed its ruling bishop. Covenant Church is a Reformed, English-speaking congregation in Seoul, South Korea. Here are five must visit Catholic sites of South Korea. Seo Sang-ryun, one of the first Koreans converted by Scottish Welcome to Songtan Central Baptist Church A Christ-centered community in Pyeongtaek, South Korea just five minutes from Osan Air Base. Such megachurches have strong ties to America’s. There was one Caucasian church, eleven Japanese churches and nineteen Korean churches. The Presbyterian Church of Korea (PCK; Korean: 대한예수교장로회; Hanja: 大韓예수敎長老會), also known as Yejang (예장), is a Protestant denomination based in South Korea that adheres to Calvinist theology and the Westminster Confession of Faith. Aug 5, 2025 · Myeongdong Cathedral was the first and most important Catholic church in Korea and is an important symbol of Christianity in the country. There is children's ministry available, as well as ministry to Middle/High School and College age folks. 19% increase from 2023. Find information about Seventh-day Adventist churches in South Korea, including locations and organizational details, in this comprehensive directory. Among the Presbyterian churches, only the Presbyterian Church of Korea (PCK) and Presbyterian Church of the Republic of Korea (PROK) joined the NCCK and worked with global communities. At this time, Seoul was in a political and A SURPRISING PREVALENCE Any visitor to South Korea today is struck by the sheer number of churches everywhere, from great cathedrals in big cities to humble village churches visible from any train or bus in the countryside. Mar 31, 2014 · With Easter on the way and Christianity’s long history in Korea, here’s my list of Seoul’s most beautiful churches. Oct 28, 2024 · SaeJoongAng Church in GyungGi-do, Korea, loves missionaries. [8] The Anglican Church of Korea can be traced back to 1890, when Charles Corfe, the first bishop of Joseon (Korea) landed in Korea; the first Anglican church in Korea Nae-dong Anglican Church [ko] was established in 1891 at Nae-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon. We continue to see the global impact of Seoul Anglican Church of Korea Catholic Church in South Korea Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Korea Korea Baptist Convention Korea Campus Crusade for Christ Korean Orthodox Church Presbyterian Church of Korea Providence Unification Church All Nations Church World Mission Society May 1, 2017 · Yoido Full Gospel Church began in 1958 and grew by serving poor and working class South Koreans who moved to the capital city of Seoul. Jul 18, 2024 · South Korea has emerged as one of the most Christianized countries in Asia, a region which is typically associated with Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. ) and partner churches in Korea has become reality in the publication of the first “ Korean-English Dictionary of Presbyterian Missionaries in Korea 1884-2020,” published March 27 in Korean. In August 2014, Pope Francis visited Korea and held a Beatification Mass for 124 martyrs. South Korea (and by extension the Catholic Church in all Korea, north and south) has the fourth largest number of saints in the Catholic Church since 1984 as categorized by nation, [13] a number which includes the Korean Martyrs. After the liberation from Japanese rule in 1945, there were 65,795 faithful in the Archdiocese of Seoul. The Korean word for church is 교회 (gyo-hoe). Shincheonji Church of Jesus, the Temple of the Tabernacle of the Testimony (SCJ), commonly known as Shincheonji Church of Jesus or simply Shincheonji (Korean: 신천지; Hanja: 新天地; lit. Around one-sixth of the entire population of Pyongyang, a city of about 300,000 people, were Christians. 85% are part of larger brands. The official name of Myeongdong Cathedral is Cathedral Church of the Virgin Mary of the Immaculate Conception. The church is an important icon of Korea and Myeongdong. In Busan, explore the Catholic Thus, in 1946, the Orthodox Church of Korea was put into the position of having to organize itself as a parish. Christianity has a long history in Asia, beginning in India and reaching China and Japan in the 1500s. Whether you are simply curious about Jesus or a committed Christian, come visit and we’d love to meet you! Since the 1960s, the number of South Korean Churches has increased. Dec 19, 2022 · Korea Church DirectoryFor information on the use of this directory see these important notes. Search our South Korea Catholic Directory database and connect with top rated Catholic Churches in South Korea. National Council of Churches in Korea The NCCK is a faith movement that confesses only God in Christ. Korean words for church include 교회, 성당, 예배, 교회당, 회중, 그리스도 교도, 성직, 전 그리스도 교도, 교파의 의미에서 교회 and 국가에 대하여 교회. It is a movement of solidarity and unity among churches for mission and is working on building common evidence for bringing about a sense of social responsibility and realization of social justice within society. The rapid growth of Christianity in South Korea has caught the world by surprise, given its roots in Buddhism and Confucianism. Today, it's largest megachurch in the world. As we renovate our space in Haebangchon, Youngil Church in Yangjae has graciously opened their building for us. We asked Bishop Theofan to tell us about the history and current state … Continue reading "“In Korea, we continue the work that began The persecution of Christians in North Korea is an ongoing and systematic human rights violation in North Korea. Dec 12, 2016 · Korea is home to five of the twenty biggest mega-churches in the world, including the world’s biggest church that purports a staggering 830,000 members. Andrew Kim Taegon, the first Korean-born saint and patron saint of May 11, 2015 · Young people are a major demographic in the Korean church, and my Canadian classmate contributes this fact to the charismatic and engaging fashion in which services are conducted. The religion began to proliferate in the country in the 1960s, and by the 1980s, South Korea had one of the world’s highest per capita rates of Christian believers. Our gathering begins at 2:10pm, between their own services, so please arrive on time. The Republic of Korea is rather unique in terms of religion as, despite a high level of ethnic homogeneity, there is no single dominant religion. Most sources agree that there are some isolated Christian churches located in certain parts of North Korea, but Mass | Archdiocese of SeoulMass The Seoul Archdiocese will inform you of the cathedral with mass for foreigners as follows, so please attend the mass. The year 1947 saw the ordination of a third Korean priest, Fr. Jul 19, 2024 · Youngnak Presbyterian Church, also known as Everlasting Joy Presbyterian Church, was established in 1945 by refugees seeking religious freedom in South Korea. ” Not only is Seoul home to the largest known Protestant church in the universe, Yoido Full Gospel Church, the city has more … The growth stalled in the 1990s because of the church’s support for previous dictatorial regimes as well as scandals involving Protestant political and corporate leaders. Based on estimates from the late 1990s [2] and the 2000s, [3][4] North Korea is mostly irreligious This link is to provide information and resources for Baptist Churches (Korean) in South Korea and the USA Home What's CBCK + Catholic Church In Korea + CBCK News CBCK Newsletter Meetings and Events What's CBCK Catholic Church in Korea Mar 28, 2025 · On February 26, at a meeting of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church, a decision was made to establish a Korean diocese within the Patriarchal Exarchate of Southeast Asia. At Gospel Hub Korea, we offer a comprehensive church directory for these regions, making it simple to find English-speaking churches throughout the country. Whether you're looking for information or searching for churches in a specific area, our directory is here to help. [3] The organization's purpose is to study, confer, and work . May 5, 2025 · List of Churches in Seoul There are 206 Churches in Seoul as of May 5, 2025; which is an 6. com! There are no known official statistics of religions in North Korea. Discover all there is to know about these megastructures. H. The Christian Council of Korea (CCK, Korean: 한국기독교총연합회) is a national evangelical alliance, member of the World Evangelical Alliance. Gospel Hub Korea is a free online resource that provides information about English ministries in South Korea. Many Presbyterians were among those who resisted and fought for Korean independence. Kim and Kirsteen Kim’s comprehensive and timely history of different Christian denominations in Korea includes surveys of the Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant CHRISTIANITY IN SOUTH KOREA There are more Christians in South Korea than any other Asian country expect for the largely Roman Catholic Philippines. Despite facing numerous challenges over the years, including persecution and oppression, Christianity has grown to become one of the most popular religions in the country. Weekly services ONLINE! King’s Cross Seoul is a welcoming, multi-ethnic, international English-speaking church near Jamsil in Seoul. The Catholic Church in Korea is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Bishop of Rome (the Pope). We will also delve into the growth and influence of Christianity in South Korean society, and how churches have played a vital role in their local communities. We are a loving community of expats and internationals who love Jesus and live wholeheartedly for his mission. Also any church that has a change in leadership and does not fill Sep 20, 2024 · World Council of Churches (WCC) general secretary Rev. As an independent, international, non-denominational, English-speaking church, we are united in a common mission to gather as God's people, grow in understanding of God's Word and grace, and reach out to serve others with the love of Jesus Christ. Oct 28, 2023 · North Korea is a closed society and for most of the country’s recent history, Christian churches have not been able to exist and thrive as other places. Sebastian C. Churches in Korea have been on the rise since the 1960s. The first Christian missionaries arrived in Korea in 1884, but it wasn Find English speaking churches in Korea. It is situated near Myeongdong Station and Euljiro 3-ga Station in Seoul. Find more Korean words at wordhippo. The church quickly outgrew its original location and expanded just before the Korean War. Visit the country's oldest Catholic church and tour the historic highlights of Seoul, then travel to Gyeongju to discover the relics of the ancient Silla Kingdom. 15% of all Churches in Seoul are single-owner operations, while the remaining 10 which is 4. Jun 25, 2017 · Exp Product Support ChatThe Cathedral Church of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception informally known as Myeongdong Cathedral, is the national cathedral of the Archdiocese of Seoul. 1 And while more than half of Koreans do not profess any religion, many will still engage in religious activities, such as consulting a shaman or offering incense and food to […] This connection of past and present mission workers in Korea by the Presbyterian Church (U. Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea Jul 19, 2025 · It is ‘extremely rare’ for South Korean law enforcement to raid the church’s headquarters, the head of a religious research institute says. It has a long history in South Korea, with the first Protestant missionaries arriving in the late 19th century. Here are six facts about Christianity in South Korea. Whether you’re attending a Korean church, learning about Korean religious culture, or studying Korean for missionary or social purposes, this guide will help you learn the most important Korean church vocabulary and phrases We are known as AIM English church in Busan, South Korea. Provinces South Korea consists of provinces and metropolitan cities. In 1656 a Dutch merchant ship went aground off the southern shore of Jeju Island, and its 36 surviving crew members were taken to Seoul for detention. We are proud of our contributions to the Korean community, to America and to the United Methodist Church. Feb 1, 2024 · Protestant churches in general could be characterized variously as progressive, modest, conservative, and ultra-conservative right-wing fundamentalist. DOWNLOAD THE JUBILEE APP WEEKLY DEVOTIONALS A new devotional, written by our pastors and elders, is uploaded every Monday. North Korea revived religions in 1988 with building the Changchung Catholic Church in Pyongyang without any resident priest. Feb 29, 2024 · Chungdong First Methodist Church Chungdong First Methodist Church, established in 1897 by American missionary Henry Appenzeller, is the first Protestant church of Korea. [3][4][5] According to multiple resolutions which have been passed by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, the North Korean government considers religious activities political crimes, [6] because they could challenge the personality cult of Kim Il Sung and his family. It is a member of the World Council of Churches and the Christian Conference of Asia. Father Alexei Kim was the sole priest of the Orthodox Church left to serve the people of Korea. The 41st annual meeting of the Council of Korean Southern Baptist Churches in America was held June 13-15, 2022, at the historic Berendo Street Baptist Church, the first Southern Baptist church in the United States to worship in a Korean context. S. The origins of Korean Presbyterianism date back to the 1880s. Appenzeller, along with his wife, arrived in Chemulpo, Korea on April 5, 1885. Catholic Church in Republic of Korea (South Korea) Also known as: Südkorea (Deutsch), Corea del Sur (español), la Corée du Sud (français), Corea del Sud (Italiano), Korea Południowa (polski), Coreia do Sul (Português), 南韓（大韓民國） (正體中文), 大韓民国 (日本語), 대한민국 (한국어), Corea Meridionalis (latine) May 13, 2024 · This article will teach you different words and sentences related to religion in Korean. Mar 24, 2025 · Korean churches share SBC values File photo by Don Biadog. Apr 19, 2023 · The biggest churches in Korea have gained international recognition for their sizes and influence. It has been described as a pseudoreligion or cult by mainstream churches The Korean Catholics are also tracing back their roots of faithth rough the elevation of martyrs and reorganization of sacred places in the Diocese. Find a suitable church match based on denomination, location, and interactive maps integration. The NCCK has been striving to spread this campaign to partners across the globe since the 7th World Council of Churches (WCC) Assembly in Busan 2013. Neither Korean churches nor Japanese churches are effective in reaching the younger generations Feb 23, 2025 · In this article, we will cover the basics of Christianity in South Korea, tracing its history from its introduction in the late 19th century to its current status as a major religious force in the country. The question of whether there are any Christian churches in North Korea is complex and has many answers, depending on the source. Oct 15, 2025 · Churches in South Korea began in the 1980s a movement of peace and unification and meeting with the Christian Fellowship of North Korea. During the Korean War, the Catholic Church in North Korea was destroyed, while that of the South survived and overcame the situation though it was seriously affected by the War. GATHER as an international fellowship of believers to worship and lift up the Name of Jesus, GROW together in a deeper understanding of and conformity to God’s Word, and then We are an International Christian Church in Seoul that loves Jesus and loves people, with bilingual services in English/Korean. Among the nine hundred, forty-five Methodists in Hawaii, six hundred and five were Korean. Aug 12, 2014 · Pope Francis will travel to South Korea next week for Asian Youth Day, making his third international trip as pontiff. The NCCK does not insist on a particular doctrine/dogma or regulations and This article explores the history of Christianity in Korea from the Pyongyang Revival in 1907 to present day, and notes the progression of Korean missions, from a background of war and poverty to Korea becoming the second largest missionary-sending country today. Many Korean Christians are very proud of their big churches and their big church buildings, considering them proof of a “successful” church. Finally, the Catholic Church of Korea received the grace of 124 Blessed martyrs and 103 Saints. The challenges and future prospects of the Korean church are also outlined in the article. Still, this beautiful country is home to several places of deep spiritual and cultural significance for Catholics. Churches in South Korea There are 433 churches listed with JoinMyChurch. The First Presidency approved their trip to those countries to evaluate the Ark is an International, English speaking church plant who invites the diverse nationalities that journey through Korea, Korean diaspora who have resettled and to any Korean natives who don’t mind an English service. Cathedrals in South Korea | Churches in South Korea | South Korea Churches | Cathedrals Around South Korea | South Korea Cathedrals | Catholic Cathedrals Around South Korea Catholic hierarchy in Korea. Apr 21, 2019 · National Council of Churches in Korea - NCCK, Seoul. Following the conclusion the Second World War, the withdrawal of Japan, and the partitioning of Korea, Presbyterian churches in the communist-leaning northern parts of Korea were dissolved. Feb 9, 2018 · How did South Korea go from a land void of the gospel to one of the biggest exporters of it? The president of Korea's Foreign Mission Board explains. In this article, we explore the factors that led to the rise of Christianity in South Korea and the role it Apr 16, 2025 · South Korean evangelical churches have led resistance to LGBT rights in South Korea. Our heart and vision is to see a beautiful church that sees, loves, equips and sends from the intersection of Seoul. Beginning in the late 19th Seoul union church Whether you live in Seoul or are just visiting, we invite you to join us at the historic Seoul Union Church, the oldest Protestant church in Korea. The author focused his pen on the miraculous growth of the Churches in Korea which has been rightly called the marvel of the modern world history and on the process of the formation of a national Church amidst the complicated international relations in the Far East - Korea, Japan and United States. Located in the Myeongdong neighbourhood of Jung District, Seoul, South Korea, it is the seat of the Archbishop of Seoul, Peter Chung Soon-taick. Despite the risks, Christians continue to practice their faith through secret gatherings and underground churches. Missionary work began in Korea in the 1950s after the Korean War. Of these locations, 196 Churches which is 95. Average age of Churches in Seoul is 4 years and 11 months. Baptist, Orthodox Church and Presbyterian Church in America also have quite a number of churches listed (4, 3 Jun 18, 2015 · Korean churches employed new technologies for the gospel, being among the first to create satellite venues that used television cameras and large screens to convey the teaching part of the worship service. af blop lpwy4l 6fobw jojp gxr6 qqg1c jmq s1lur 7ag